The US Constitution

The book by O’Connor and Sabato (2011) is valuable, and deserves special attention. Its second chapter examined the US Constitution. The US Constitution is the product of many years American political, economical, religious, and social experience. Following O’Connor and Sabato’s book (2011), one may see that this document cannot be changed in an easy way.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The US Constitution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From colonies to the United States, the country had passed a long challengeable way. Only the best juridical practices stroke roots on the abundant US land. The ideas that resulted in the creation of this legal document addressed the problems and demands of a changing nation (O’Connor and Sabato 30). Thus, the US Constitution has gathered those laws and legal norms that reflected the country’s historical experience. The authors’ book (20 11) describes key events that led to American independence. These events are connected with the swift development of the thirteen colonies, intense foreign policy, and the Civil War. However, the book presented Boston Massacre of 1770 as one of the most notable events that led to the independence. The incident that happened in Boston (the encounter of the American citizens, disappointed with unfair tax policy with the British authorities) resulted in the removal of the British military from the town. Six years later, on July 4, 1776, the Americans declared independence: the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress (O’Connor and Sabato 33). Since that time, the US Constitution became the supreme law that cannot be broken with impunity by each American citizen. The adoption of the Constitution was accompanied with participation of numerous notable individuals: George Washington (in 1789, he became the first US President), John Adams, James Madi son, and others. The book (2011) says that such notable figure as Benjamin Franklin signed the most essential US document of all times. He is believed to be the founding father of the US Constitution (O’Connor Sabato 36). When the American Revolution was over, in 1776, the country faced peace and legal status. O’Connor and Sabato (2011) gave the following piece of evidence: â€Å"after the Declaration was signed and transmitted to the king, the Revolutionary War was fought with a greater vengeance† (O’Connor and Sabato 38). Undoubtedly, 1776 was the extremely important year for the country’s history. The Articles of Confederation became the first written constitution of the US Government (however, the final variant was adopted only in 1789). At the same time, the period after the adoption of the Constitution was extremely difficult from political and economic points of view. The laws on trade and taxation were rather painful because the national g overnment did not have any funds to pay the army, farmers, civil services, etc.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The creation of Supreme Court legalized the process of adoption of all essential laws for the country. The authors of the book (2011) believe that the issue of slavery was one of the most important issues in the US legislature. Slavery was officially abolished only in the middle of XIX century (O’Connor and Sabato 43). In general, the US Constitution reveals all kinds of state laws, separation of powers in the country, rights of its citizens, and many other crucial points that reflect the legal norms of the US. According to the book, such documents as Bill of Rights, twenty seven successfully adopted amendments, and even the Federalist Papers of the 80s of XVIII century that protect the constitutional principles in the name of all Americans influenced the modern face of the US Constitution (O’Connor and Sabato 54). Overall, the second chapter of the author’s book (2011) concerns the most significant US document resulted from the immortal events that led to the independence of the American nation. This essay on The US Constitution was written and submitted by user Galilea B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Weed essays

Weed essays Marijuana is the dried leaves, buds, stems, and seeds of the plant Cannabis Sativa that is usually smoked to obtain a mildly hallucinogenic high caused by the chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The high can also be obtained by cooking the marijuana into some foods or brewing it as a tea. Most marijuana is smoked though, usually in a cigarette called a joint, or a pipe called a bong. Recently, it has appeared in cigars called blunts, in which the tobacco is removed and replaced by the marijuana. Marijuana is known by many other names, such as pot, weed, bud, grass, smoke, dope, hash, hashish, green, cabbage, mary-jane, reefer, chronic, killer, sinsimellia, and herb. Most marijuana on the street is either grown in the U.S. or imported from Mexico and South America from the south and Canada from the north. It is sold in bulk to large dealers and works it way down through smaller and smaller dealers until it reaches the consumer, who usually pays anywhere from $80-$400 for an ounce of pot, depending on the strain of cannabis and more importantly, the THC content. Marijuana has several effects on the body, with its negative effects being very similar to that of tobacco smoking. These include an increased heart rate and lung complications due to the inhalation of carcinogens. Marijuana also affects the brain; this is the high, which includes distorted perception of time and sounds, an increase in appetite and a heightening of certain sensations such as taste and touch. The user may experience a decrease in problem solving skills and in some cases difficulty with motor function. Long-term effects may include decreased sperm count, trouble with memory-loss, and a severe addiction to Lucky Charms. Though marijuana is illegal and has been since the 1930s, it is the most popular illicit drug in the United States, with an estimated twelve to twenty million regular users (that is having used marijuana in...

AS Level communication-LarryKings Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Essay

AS Level communication-LarryKings Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication - Essay Example t can be seen that King uses complex paralanguage and syntagm to force his guests to answer difficult questions while providing a collection of visual signs within his studio to reassure them and to remind them of the serious nature of his inquiries. It is this combination of sincerity, seriousness and charming tenacity that gains King his reputation as a man who can get the answers. Much of King’s stage is reflected in shades of blue, including his clothes. Blue is the color most often associated with sincerity, purity and innocence. At the same time, blue, as a ‘cool’ color, has a calming effect on people, especially in the Western culture. By including blue in his stage set and usually wearing blue, King brings these attributes of color onto himself and the process of interviewing guests, providing them with a sense of security, safety, innocence and sincerity. However, the background to the set and King’s business-style clothing also works to establish the setting as a serious place of business. The background is a lit-up dot matrix image of the globe, with land forms represented by mostly blue lights and water forms remaining dark, providing a sense that issues discussed are of worldly importance. Finally, King uses complex paralanguage and syntagm to coerce guests into answering his questions. When a guest avoids the question, King uses syntagm to ask his next question, which is a restatement of the avoided answer. His paralanguage, laying stress on key words, making direct eye contact and adapting a stern bearing, usually has the effect of obtaining an answer. An example would be a question to a guest regarding a difficult divorce: â€Å"How did you get through the rather difficult period of your divorce?† The guest laughs but doesn’t actually address the question. Sitting a little straighter in his chair, looking directly at the guest, King barely waits for the guest to finish speaking before he cuts in again: â€Å"But you had an

Is the U.S. a rapeculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is the U.S. a rapeculture - Essay Example and is part and parcel of life even though it is not either biologically or divinely ordained; despite being a set beliefs, values or attitudes, which can be changed by society (Buchwald, Pamela and Martha XI). Therefore, from the definition, it is justifiable to say that rape culture encompasses such elements as TV, jokes, legal jargon, jokes, words, rules and regulations, etc. that formalize and normalize sexual coercion and violence against women in society. Therefore, â€Å"Is the U.S. a rape culture?† This paper looks at the extent to which the American culture can be perceive as a rape culture historically and the present. Therefore, to answer my question, â€Å"Is the U.S. a rape culture?† Yes. Statistics indicates that there are many unreported cases of rape committed in the United States both in the past and the present. According to Buchwald, Pamela and Martha, many cases of assault that are unreported by the victims are perceived either as domestic disputes or bad dates implying that the victims perceive rape as just a mere normal occurrence in life or an acceptable behavior in society. For instance, a study report carried by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992-2000 indicate that of all sexual assaults committed against women in America, only 36% of rapes, 26% of sexual assaults and 34% of attempted rapes were reported to the police signifying that most sexual assaults and rapes were not reported or treated. The report further states that, when the victims were asked why they never reported their cases to the police, they cited reasons like: they feared reprisal, it was a personal matte r or they wanted to protect the offenders (Buchwald, Pamela and Martha). Therefore, from such studies it is evident that Americans perceive rape as a culture and a normal occurrence or behavior, which is condoned in society. In addition, the monthly reports compiled by the Uniform Crime Report of the FBI from more than 17,000 law agency enforcement, which covers over

The business management in the modern world Essay

The business management in the modern world - Essay Example This trend of training by the persons majored in different subjects brought new types of theoretical tools in to the business management. This developed in to critical management studies. The Critical mangement studies finds its roots in US inventions in Eurpoe and from a series of UK labour process conferences. They began in 1983 and reflected the views of Braverman's Marxist theory of business management. Discussion: The critical management perspective can be termed as provocative and revolutionary theory regarding the business management. This theory views critically every aspect of conventional management which was supposed to be the outcome of conventional wisdom. The thoughts of handful of elite will be questioned and the methods will be critically examined.1 The critical study of the management made possible the insights into the unexplored places in the study of the management and resulted in many issues, which found the necessity to research. This type of research activities brought conflict management and human resource management to the fore in the business management. Instead of considering the employees as tools in the business they are now considered as a part of the business. Critical studies reveal that the management cannot be viewed as neutral. It can be considered as complex phenomenon and is a subject of serious examination. The critical management demands critical view and analysis of the organizational management. The ethical, ideological and intellectual inspiration from Habermas and Foucault resulted in innovative application of the management theories. The theory, behavior regarding the organization, marketing, accounting, information systems and operational research can be examined critically and their relevance according to the need can be established. Accounting is an important wing and practice regarding the management. The critical thought regarding management demands changes in accounting practices. The process of accounting and the views of the individuals who practice accounting must be changed according to the needs of critical view and modern needs. The most important outcome regarding accounting due to critical thought is transparency. The laws like Sarbanes and oxley in US and many laws developed transparency in accounts of corporate business. This change brought a lot of change in management processes also. The practices required the change in monitoring by auditors and the cooperation extended by the management. 1 Institutionalism Thinking about institutionalism is also a part of the management and critical theories found a choice in it, which need change. The formation of an institution frames a policy. The social causation that is based around the notion of path dependence brings historical institutionalism. The concept of work utilizing appears to be use the institutionalism consistently. This is in very little agreement with its definition. The use of analytical frame work is explicit in critical studies. The history of institutionalism can be used for avoiding the failures in critical aspect of institutionalism. Archer in 1995, 1996 and 2000 argued that it presents an empirically testable model of path dependence. This model can provide ontological and organizational analysis. The modern industry is witnessing the need of computerisation and this resulted in rise of

The Effectiveness Of The Violence Against Women Act Criminology Essay

The Effectiveness Of The Violence Against Women Act Criminology Essay This paper will examine intimate partner violence and two programs that have been adopted to improve this wide-spread mounting issue. This paper looks at the Violence against Women Act signed by congress in 1994 and its effectiveness as well as the results of mandated batterer intervention programs in the United States. Studies gathered for both programs are used to determine benefits and disadvantages of continued funding. The overall methods used to determine improvement and the limitations of conducting such studies are also explored. The research considered determines that while the above mentioned programs have only been in place a short while, have many merits. The Violence against Women Act has made women safer and helped bring about social change and batterer intervention programs produce a positive effect in men who abuse. It is determined after reviewing studies that both programs are inter-related, needed and deserve support and increased funding. The Effectiveness of the Violence against Women Act and Batterer Intervention Programs to Improve Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence This paper will examine intimate partner violence and two programs that have been adopted to improve this wide-spread mounting issue. When encountering domestic violence women have two choices, leaving or staying. If they leave they often become the sole bread winner and enter the secondary labor market with low pay, no medical benefits, and encounter a glass ceiling if they do rise in economic status. Being economically discriminated against as a result of the feminization of poverty, often results in the need for assistance (Karger Stoesz, p.79). For some it means trying to access the shrinking welfare system that now has time limits, further hindering their ability to gain training or education to maintain or move up in economic status. Others can become impoverished when their partner leaves or is removed, and turn to illegal means for survival for themselves and their children. Program One: The Violence against Women Act In 1994 as a result of feminists outcry Congress produced a bill that President Clinton signed, the Violence against Women Act (VAWA). The law only 16 years old continues; it has strengthened state laws for protection to women in numerous ways. It defines domestic violence to include same sex or cohabitating couples and made restraining and stalking orders available nationwide. It has special safety provisions for the elderly and disabled. It seeks to keep women safe by funding programs to end sexual assault; its laws protect against violence and discrimination in public, at home, and work. In addition it covers immigrant women and their children (Hyunkag Wilke 2005, p.126). It additionally provides funding for battered women shelters, hot lines, and community justice efforts to prosecute and hold financially responsible perpetrators for victimizing women (Karger Stoesz, p.78). The VAWA instituted comprehensive methods to protect victims through a community coalition of prosecutors , advocates, judges and police. Methods enacted forbid the ownership of guns by persons with restraining orders, mandated arrest, and most importantly made intimate partner violence against the law. Moreover it strengthened law enforcement providing equal justice for women, and funded tracking DV perpetrators in a national crime data base. Funding and implementing the VAWA promoted education and training for judges and had them remand perpetrators to batterer intervention programs which had started in some locals in the late 1970s (Hyunkag Wilke 2005, p.126). Hyunkag and Wilke studied the VAWA program in 2005 for the College of Social Work at Florida State University using 2,368 victim incident files, and data from the National Crime Victims Survey from 1992 through 2003. A limitation was that only half of the victims reported something worth considering (Hyunkag Wilke, 2005 p.128-129). The study used an interrupted time series design comparing four variables (age, race, marital status, and education) to yearly DV incidence reports. Research questions were: Did VAWA reduce DV and increase perpetrator arrest? Did it cause more incident reporting and contact with criminal justice? The study used U.S. Census population data and divided it by Bureau of Justice Statistics of DV incidents. The same method was used for contact with other support services (Hyunkag Wilke 2005, p.130-131). The samples from individuals over 18 years old showed rates have gradually lowered through the trend started prior to VAWA. Since VAWAs enactment funding has t aken a devolution track with states given more responsibility with funding through block grants. In its first year Burt et al found (as cited in Hyunkag Wilke, 2005 p.127) by five years $1.6 billion had been granted to states. The authors attribute the minimal change after VAWAs implementation to an implausible lag of effect or changes ongoing before VAWA such as available safe shelters. Furthermore it seems criminal justice intervention via batterer programs and state mandatory arrest laws, were already producing change. Program Two: Batterer Intervention Programs Intimate partner violence is predominately perpetrated by men. Batterer intervention programs are preventative in fomenting behavior change in abusers who would normally continue to use violence. Adams found in 1988 (as cited by Gondolf 2004, p.606) that batterer intervention programs (BIPs) were an outgrowth of the womens movement. Initially intervening in DV with remedial safe shelters victims advocates started furthering their mission seeking ways to change batterer behavior through counseling in the late 1970s. Because most victims return to, or continue to live with their abusers, a behavioral change in men is warranted. BIPs results are controversial and many believe that batterers cannot change causing mental health researchers to seek empirical best practices. E.W. Gondolf has researched BIP effectiveness for over 25 years. He performed a quasi-meta-analysis of research to date in 2003 for The Mid-Atlantic Addictions Training Institute and Indiana University of Pennsylvania. He found interventions for batterers share many of the difficulties found in alcohol, drug, depression and sex offender populations (Gondolf 2004 p.607). Research has used different designs and measures of non-uniform subject cohorts producing contrary results from different studies. Different men or settings give different results. Divergent ingredients and proportions make a unique cake. His study argues that different locations for programs have differencing levels of community involvement. The wide ranging skills of members in domestic violence councils, counseling firms or courts affect outcomes. Gladwell in 2000 (as cited, Gondolf 2004 p.608) explains the problem is how to measure the synergistic effect. Dobosh et al (as cited, Gondolf 2004 p.608) say different p atterns and levels of abuse are like constellations (controlling behavior, verbal abuse, and threats) which assault the tip of the iceberg. Another problem with study design is how long of a period with no violence supports a claim of program success. He feels to be realistic studies must shift from cumulative outcomes to longitudinal retrospective ones. Additionally, is a reduction of violence a success? A compounding problem is men who drop out, drink or do drugs, and whether to count them in outcomes (Gondolf 2004, p.611-612). In summation Gondolf endorses using a dose response approach by modeling techniques to create a context that simulates a control group that quantifies collaborative influences. The four year multi site evaluation funded by the Center for Disease Control was designed to answer questions of program outcomes. Additionally researchers used interviews with female partners of participants to increase the qualitative results. He found: a marked de-escalation in re-assault and abuse of other forms. Re-assaults happened 70% of the time while participants were in the program, suggesting a need to monitor more during treatment rather than after. Another researcher, Jones, in 2000 (as cited by Gondolf 2004 p.617) found the costs of treatment were economically better than the alternatives of probation or jail. The research revealed that when program participants were coerced into attendance by regular review like drug courts a 70% program completion rate was attained. Further suggestions from research were identifying high risk individuals such as antisocial personality types and remanding them to more intensive and longer treatment (Gondolf 2004 p.619-621). Other study results suggest the abusive personality type has not been found but the best predictor is the womans perception. The most surprising finding was the program effect caused the vast majority of men to stop their abuse and assaults (Gondolf 2004 p.612-623). Conclusion: Evaluating research shows batterer intervention programs produce a positive effect in men who abuse; more so when there is a collaborative effort with all parties actively involved. All said the batterer also has buy in; the problem lies there. When there is a community pressure change is more likely; social education and influences must increase. The Violence against Women Act, also has made women safer and helped induce social change. Both programs are inter related, needed and deserve support. Aside from the huge economic costs, the pain and suffering of domestic violence is passed from generation to generation. When victims are empowered by the support of the community, criminal justice, advocates and social workers change can happen. The results of programs such as the two reviewed are not the end of the mission, but more like the first steps. Furthermore perpetrators need more monitoring while in programs designed to protect women. The two programs examined have only been in place a short time but have many merits of which to be proud. Research shows batterer intervention programs do produce results, but one approach is not shared by all helping hands. Helpers in the domestic violence field need increased support, training and direction. In general more research is needed and studies must be constructed with uniformity among subject groups. The future will be safer when domestic violence is better understood and is no longer such a drain on our nations economic and social health.

Threats to Marriage :: Social Issues, Single Mothers

Today there are many threats to marriage and family; and everyone seems to have an opinion on how to create it; fix it; repair it or dissolve it. We no longer look to marriage with dreamy visions of a spouse and the endless bounty of the life and family before us. â€Å"We† seem to want many of the benefits a marriage brings without making the commitment. In the 1700’s marriage was a commitment between families, which was taken seriously. There were marriage bonds with monies paid and then the court order for the marriage; and in other colonies this time-revered process might have 17 distinctive steps. http://www.austincc.edu/jdikes/Marriage%20Ways%20ALL.pdf Ever since Dan Quayle used the television character â€Å"Murphy Brown† in his June 1992 speech as â€Å"encouraging family disintegration† the government has continued to make, â€Å"marital status and family structure†¦.major themes of political rhetoric and government policy† (Page 518). Quayle also remarked that, â€Å"marriage is probably the best anti-poverty program of all† (American Vision and Values, Page 179). Here was one politician who believed the country needed better role models and a return to the values on which our country was founded. Dafoe Whitehead suggests these topics are perceived as an attack on single mothers; and are met with â€Å"anger and denial† (American Vision and Values, Page 182). Rather than attack a single family structure - single mothers, consider the outcomes produced by non-traditional structures. Kay Hymowitz believes â€Å"we are becoming a nation of separate and unequal families that threatens to last in the foreseeable future† (Page 560). This will have consequences on every aspect of our society. Marriage, before children, was the given status quo for the pro-family period of the 1950’s. At that time, divorce and illegitimacy was  ½ of today’s rate, marriage was universally praised and family was hailed as the most basic institution. The 1960’s brought disruptive social and cultural forces. The divorce rate soared and illegitimacy increased 22%. In the 1970’s we see where women could now afford a family without a spouse. It seems the choice to work equally with men devalued the homemaker role of previous decades (Graglia, Carolyn Domestic Tranquility Page 540). These choices were centered on career goals and achieving motherhood; without truly addressing the needs of family and children. And yet many single mothers hover around the poverty line – not nearly as glamorous as â€Å"Murphy Brown† made it seem.